Islamic Educational Thought Muhammad Abduh

Education in empowering Islam, Muhammad Abduh set a goal of Islamic education are formulated, namely: to educate the mind and soul, and submit it to the limits of possibilities one can achieve happiness in the world and akhirat.17 From the formulation of educational objectives, it is understood that to be achieved by Muhammad Abduh was the purpose of covering aspects of cognitive (mind) and affective aspects (spiritual).

So a balance between reason and the spiritual. Sense intended as an educational tool to inculcate the habit of thinking and can distinguish between good and bad, between bringing benefit and harm. With this, Muhammad Abduh hoped stagnation that plagued the Muslim thinking at that time can be eroded. To realize the goal of education at the top, then Abduh form of a set curriculum from primary to upper level.

Elementary School

Abduh assume that the basis for the establishment of religious life should be started from an early age, that is childhood. Therefore, religious subjects serve as the core of all subjects. This view refers to the notion that Islamic teachings are the foundation and the establishment of private Muslim soul. Muslim personalities, people, especially people of Egypt at that time, would have the spirit of togetherness and nationalism in order to generate a better attitude to life, while also being able to progress.

2. Top level

In this case, efforts were made Abduh is to establish a government secondary schools to produce experts in various fields, such as administration, meliter, health, industry, etc.. Through this institution, Abduh feel the need to incorporate the subject matter of religion, Islamic history and Islamic culture. In the madrassas that are in the shade of Al-Azhar, Muhammad Abduh lessons include logic, philosophy, and monotheism. Prior to that, Al-Azhar considers the lessons of philosophy and logic is haram lessons taught and learned. While at home, he teaches Tahdheeb book of Ibn al-Miskawayh Morals, and book history of European civilization which has been translated in Arabic, entitled al-at-Tuhfat Adabiyah tamaddun fi Tarikh al-al-Arabiah Mamalik.

Al-Azhar University

College curriculum at Al-Azhar tailored to the needs of society at that time. In this case, Abduh science subjects include philosophy, logic, and modern science into the curriculum of Al-Azhar. This was done so that the output of Al-Azhar scholars to be modern, to suit their age and condition of life. At Al-Azhar, in making this change, Muhammad Abduh feel alone, no one is willing membatunya to implement these changes. But for Abduh, he just tried, no matter it is received or other matters. He once said, "I've given you a good seed for the Al-Azhar, when he grew up, fruit, and can be enjoyed by the mind and spirit, the Al-Azhar will be endless with a new style. But if not, then the Al- Azhar could only wait for the final decision of Allah SWT.

About the method initiated by Muhammad Abduh in pembalajaran is the method of discussion. Although he did not explain this clearly, but from the practice which he did lead the discussion method. Moreover, he strongly criticized the practice of rote learning methods without understanding the deep, as is often practiced at the time. He stressed the importance of understanding in every lesson. He warned educators not to teach students with rote memorization, because this method will only undermine the power of reason, as they experienced when learning in school formation in the Ahmadi mosque in Thanta.

Between the concentration of educational reform Muhammad Abduh also is about the education of women. According to him, women have equal rights with men in receiving education services. In raising the dignity of women, munurunya there are several things that must be fought for: learning for women; narrow the divorce, and the prohibition of polygamy. Muhammad Abduh all thinking about the women set out and developed in Tahrir al-mar'ah work students, Qosim Amin.

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