CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
1. WORD FORMATION
The process or result of forming new words, called derived words, from words or word groups with the same root. Word formation occurs through formal means established within a given language that give a new or more precise meaning to the original elements. Such means include joining affixes to stems (Russian stol-ik, “little table”; za-stol’-n-yi, “at table”), joining several stems (uzko-kolei-nyi, “narrow-gauge”; gromko-govorit-el’, “loudspeaker”), transferring stems from one word class to another (rul’, “rudder”; rulit’, “to steer”; zoloto, “gold”; zolotoi, “golden”), and alternation within the stem (glukhoi, “remote”; glush’, “backwoods”).
Word formation is a means of deriving (generating) linguistic units in order to create a new one-word name having a semantic and formal connection with the original unit. It is an important means of supplementing vocabulary and forming specialized terms.
The study of “how words are made” (L. V. Shcherba), how they are patterned, and by what unit (word or word group) their meaning is determined. Word formation is the branch of linguistics that examines derived words synchronically and diachronically and in terms of their origin and functioning, their productivity or unproductivity, and their use in different styles of speech.
Word formation has traditionally been considered a branch of lexicology or a branch of grammar equal in importance to morphology and syntax, or it has been assigned to morphology. Usually viewed as an independent linguistic (onomasiological) discipline, word formation ascertains and describes the structure and meaning of derived words, the components, classification, and patterns of derived words, and the basic devices and means of derivation. Word formation studies the alignment of derived words in series and families, as well as derivational meanings and categories. It establishes the structural and organizational principles of the derivational system as a whole. Word formation is distinct from inflection and the derivation of word forms.
A. HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF WORDS
There are two important facts on how to affix attached to the expression of their own. First, the expression of which is given uo which normally can be combined on the same type of word. For example, the suffix-able loosely affixed on the verb, but not the adjective or noun. That way, we can add this suffix on the verb adjust, break, compare and debate. But not the adjective asleep, lovely, happy and strong or nouns such as anger, morning, and student success. Secondly, expressions resulting from the addition of affixes to a word or morpheme is normally also the same type of word. For example, expression caused by extra-able on the verb is always adjectives. Thus said adjustable, breakable, comparable, and everything is debatable adjective. One important conclusion from the above two facts is that in word formation, affixes-affixes that do not occur together but arranged in stages. That's called the hierarchical structure of words.
For your consideration is the adjective reusable. Adjectives consists of three morphemes. Ie free morpheme use, and re-affixes derivational prefixes and suffixes-able. As described above, the suffix-able is forming adjectives from verbs.
| VERB + ABLE = ADJECTIVE |
Adjust adjustable
break breakable
compare comparable
debate debatable
lock lockable
As with theprefix re-functioning form new verbsfrom existing verbs.
Example 2
| RE + VERB = VERB |
adjust readjust
appear reappear
consider reconsider
construct reconstruct
decorate redecorate
use reuse
From the example above there are two stages that occur, namely:
1. Prefix re-joined to form verbs verbs use reuse as in (2).
2. suffix-able appended to verbs to form adjectives reusable reuse, which is also appended to adjust verda adjustable to form adjectives as in (1).
Adjectivecombinationsthat forma newadjectivethatmeans'no'.
Example:
| UN 1 + ADJECTIVE = ADJECTIVE |
able unable ‘not able’
aware unaware ‘not aware’
happy unhappy ‘not happy’
intelligent unintelligent ‘not intelligent’
lucky unlucky ‘not lucky’
Verbcombinationsthat forma newverbmeaning'do backwork previously'.
Example :
| UN2 + VERB = VERB + |
do undo ‘to do the reverse of doing’
dress undress ‘to do the reverse of dressing’
load unload ‘to do the reverse of loading’
lock unlock ‘to do the reverse of locking’
tie untie ‘to do the reverse of tying’
2. WORD COLLOCATION
As etymology, the word “collocation” from the Latin, "place together." The term was first used in its linguistic sense by British linguist J.R. Firth (1890-1960), who famously observed, "You shall know a word by the company it keeps."
A collocation is made up of two or more words that are commonly used together in English. There are different kinds of collocations in English. Here are a few examples you will recognize:
make the bed
do the homework
close a deal
open an account
do the homework
close a deal
open an account
Strong collocations are word pairings that are expected to come together. Good examples of this type of word pairing are combinations with 'make' and 'do'. You make a cup of tea, but do your homework. Collocations are very common in business settings when certain nouns are routinely combined with certain verbs or adjectives. For example, draw up a contract, set a price, conduct negotiations, etc.
A good way to learn collocations is to group collocations beginning with a noun. For example, take the noun 'contract' and create a list of commonly used verbs with contract.
Collocation is a familiar grouping of words, especially words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association. Collocational rangerefers to the set of items that typically accompany a word. The size of a collocational range is partially determined by a word's level of specificity and number of meanings.
A. Collocational Range
1. Level of specificity: the more general a word is, the broader its collocational range; the more specific it is, the more restricted its collocational range. The verb bury is likely to have a much broader collocational range than any of its hyponyms, such as inter or entomb, for example. Only people can be interred, but you can bury people, a treasure, your head, face, feelings, and memories.
2. The factor which determines the collocational range of an item is the number of senses it has. Most words have several senses and they tend to attract a different set of collocates for each sense.
Vocabulary is generally used in groups of words that go together. This is often referred to as 'chunking', another common term for this is collocation. Think about the noun 'money':
'Money' combines with verbs:
save money
spend money
pay money
etc.
spend money
pay money
etc.
Money combines with adjectives:
prize money
play money
pocket money
etc.
play money
pocket money
etc.
Money combines with other nouns:
money management
money supply
money order
etc.
money supply
money order
etc.
Collocations are often used as short expressions to describe how someone feels about a situation. In this case, collocations can be used in the adjective form, or also as emphatic expressions using an intensifier and a verb. Here are a few examples using some of these collocation examples:
We'd like to positively encourage you to buy this stock.
I deeply regret the loss of your loved one.
Tom's in an utter fury over the misunderstanding with his wife.
He went to a great length to explain the situation.
I deeply regret the loss of your loved one.
Tom's in an utter fury over the misunderstanding with his wife.
He went to a great length to explain the situation.
REFERENCES
d. http://esl.about.com/od/vocabularyreference/a/cl_money.htm
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